Critically discuss the portrayal of constitutional Essay Example

Critically discuss the portrayal of constitutional Essay Example Critically discuss the portrayal of constitutional Essay Critically discuss the portrayal of constitutional Essay those of other nationalities shacking in Venice. Shylock, introduced in the phase waies as Shylock the Jew’ , is systematically set apart from the citizens of Venice with whom he does concern for his religion and his profession as usurer. However, he remains blameworthy under Venetian regulation of jurisprudence every bit much as the Christian citizens. In a universe structured by rigorous attachment to the jurisprudence to protect the financial involvements of both citizens and aliens, Shylock is undone by the actual reading of his ain contract. The Merchant of Venicenowadayss a series of conflicting manners of jurisprudence and socio-economic constructions. The confrontation in the drama between Shylock and Antonio can be interpreted as a struggle between viing systems of jurisprudence: old jurisprudence based on Old Testament commandments and pronouncements, and the new jurisprudence based on Christian morality.The Merchant of Venice, more so than any other of Shakespeare’s dramas, is saturated with scriptural mentions which indicate theological and legal principles dramatized in the struggle over the bond. [ 3 ] Shylock, as a Jew, is bound non merely by the Venetian regulation of jurisprudence but besides by Old Testament jurisprudence. Antonio, Bassanio, and the citizens of Venice are bound by the philosophy of New Testament morality every bit much as by Venetian legal codification. The Bible is the benchmark against which ethical and legal differences are judged, and attachment to Venetian regulation of jurisprud ence reflects non merely legal duty, but moral responsibility. Shakespeare’s drama highlights the convergence of economic sciences, the penal codification, and godly jurisprudence. WithinThe Merchant of Venicethere is an intersection between friendly relationship and jurisprudence which can be traced back to classical influences. Impressions of friendly relationship in connexion with the overpowering accent on trade and net income alongside the rigorous attachment to the regulation of jurisprudence appears contrary to a modern audience accustomed to friendly relationships based on pleasance and common involvement. Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethical motivesremained a prima influence on Renaissance impressions of friendly relationship. He outlines three types of friendly relationship: friendly relationship based on pleasance, friendly relationship based on goodness, and friendly relationship based on public-service corporation. It is this concluding type of friendly relationship which most clearly emerges from the relationships of the drama. All characters, irrespective of their station, are ruled by opportunism. Harmonizing to Aristotle, friendly relationship of public-service corporation can hold a moral or a legal dimension: Such a connection when on stated footings is one of the legal type, whether it be a strictly concern affair of exchange on the topographic point, or a more broad adjustment for future refund, though still with an understanding as to thequid pro quo; and in the latter instance the duty is clear and can non do difference †¦ The moral type on the other manus is non based on declared footings, but the gift or other service is given as to a friend, although the giver expects to have an equivalent or greater return, as though it had non been a free gift but a loan ; and as he ends the relationship in a different spirit from that in which he began it, he will kick. [ 4 ] Clearly, none of the relationships within the drama reflect the perfect love’ of Aristotle’s ideal of friendly relationship as described inNichomachean Ethical motives, but the more secular friendly relationship of public-service corporation. Aristotle’s description of such friendly relationships is in footings of concern and exchange ; nil is given without anticipating something in return. Such friendly relationships based upon self-interest are built-in to a politico-economic which maps to protect the chase of trade and net income. Thus the single relationships within the drama contribute to and continue the regulation of jurisprudence which governs commercialism and trade in Venice. All of the characters with the drama use their relationships with other characters to farther opportunism, to changing grades. Bassanio uses his close friendly relationship with Antonio to procure a loan he himself can non vouch, and when the bond is contested it is Antonio instead than Bassanio that must support himself. Bassanio goes so far as to inquire Antonio to see the loan as an investing, determining their relationship in concern footings instead than the more familiar footings of friendly relationship. I owe you much, and ( like a willful young person ) That which I owe is lost, but if you please To hit another pointer that self manner Which you did hit the first, I do non doubt, ( As I will watch the purpose ) or to happen both, Or convey your latter jeopardy back once more, And gratefully rest debitor for the first ( I.i. 146-52 ) Bassanio desires the money in order to court Portia, who is a lady amply left , and to procure her luck to pay off his ain debts ( I.i. 161 ) . Although Bassanio speak both of love for Antonio and the beauty and virtuousness of Portia, it is continually the economic factor of their relationships which is at the head of the addresss. I owe the most in money and in love he tells Antonio, And from your love I have a guarantee / To unburthen all my secret plans and intents / How to acquire clear of all the debts I owe ( I.i. 131-4 ) . Thus Bassanio’s relationships, though professed to be grounded on love and virtuousness, are clearly based on opportunism, reflecting a wider social accent on money instead than fraternal or romantic love. Shylock’s actions and demeanour towards Antonio are clearly motivated by net income, and as a friendly relationship based on public-service corporation is transeunt and unstable, rapidly deteriorates as Shylock argues that Antonio’s lb of flesh is deerely bought’ ( IV.i. 100 ) . Aristotle argues inPoliticssthat vigorish is, because it net incomes from money itself, contrary to nature and thereby incompatible with friendly relationship. Antonio himself argues for friendly relationship against vigorish: If thou wilt lend this money, lend it non As to thy friends, for when did friendship take A strain for bare metal of his friend? ( I.iii.126-9 ) Antonio clearly can non accommodate the contrary impressions of friendly relationship and trade and net income ; nevertheless, Shylock equates friendly relationship with Aristotle’s thought of friendly relationship of public-service corporation. He offers both money and friendly relationship to Antonio, inquiring in return that Antonio sign a bond to pay a lb of flesh. I would be friends with you, and have your love , Shylock professes, but his thought of friendly relationship is clearly bound up in net income and self-service. The love he shows to Antonio is in fact a lawfully binding understanding. This kindness will I demo, Travel with me to a notary, seal me there Your individual bond, and ( in a merry athletics ) If you repay me non on such a twenty-four hours In such a topographic point, such amount or amounts as are Express’d in the status, allow the forfeit Be nominated for an equal lb Of your just flesh, to be cut off and taken In what portion of your organic structure pleaseth me. ( I.iii.139-47 ) Usurer professes that he extend [ s ] this friendship to Antonio ; a all right friendly relationship so which demands a lb of flesh in return for a loan of money ( I.iii. 164 ) . Clearly Shylock is working from an Aristotelean impression of a friendly relationship of public-service corporation which serves opportunism and belongs in the kingdom of mercantile system and commercialism. The impression of friendly relationship in the drama is elaborately tied to the thought of justness. As a friendly relationship of public-service corporation belongs in the kingdom of commercialism, it is hence capable to legal power under Venetian jurisprudence. Aristotle states that the claims of justness besides should increase with the closeness of the friendly relationship, since friendly relationship and justness exist between the same individuals and are co-extensive in range. [ 5 ] Friendship, far from staying a private relationship outside the kingdom of judicial ordinance, is built-in to the socio-economic construction of Venetian mercantile system, and is hence capable to the regulation of jurisprudence. Shylock friendship’ with Antonio and Bassanio is tested against the justness of the tribunal, and finally found to be unsound. The Venice of Shakespeare’s drama is ruled by attachment to public jurisprudence, committedness to contracts, and overpoweringly the chase of stuff wealth. Despite the sometimes unscrupulous actions of the characters, the regulating rule remains the regulation of jurisprudence. This reflects the comparative stableness of the Venetian regulation of jurisprudence from the late thirteenth to the late eighteenth centuries, a politically stableness termed the myth of Venice’ for its widespread but mostly baseless repute for autonomy, societal harmoniousness, and just justness. [ 6 ] Ironically it is Antonio, who has the most to lose from the legal conflict over the bond which threatens his very life, is the most repetitive upon adhering to jurisprudence to continue commodity’ . Shylock hates Antonio non, as he professes, because of his faith, but because he refuses to bear down involvement on his loans: I hate him for he is a Christian: But more, for that in low simpleness He lends out money gratis, and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice ( I.iii. 38-40 ) . Shylock’s grudge against Antonio reflects a wider Elizabethan concern with vigorish and one which highlighted the struggle between spiritual philosophy and secular jurisprudence. Usury itself was condemned by Medieval and Renaissance churches, and is forbidden by New Testament jurisprudence: Owe no adult male anything, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law. [ 7 ] The Bible condemned vigorish in no unsure footings, but spiritual philosophers such as John Calvin and Francis Bacon argued that, in a modern commonwealth, vigorish was inevitable’ . [ 8 ] Thus Antonio’s refusal to impart money on involvement reflects non a generous and altruistic character, but an attachment to the Christian jurisprudence of the clip. Antonio represents a rigorous attachment to jurisprudence and authorization. He voluntarily submits to the bond which would take his life because the jurisprudence which governs belongings involvements demands that it be upheld. Venetian jurisprudence stridently enforced bonds between persons, irrespective of nationality or ethnicity. Antonio explains why the contract must be enforced: The duke can non deny the class of jurisprudence: For the trade good that aliens have With us in Venice, if it be denied, Will much impeach the justness of the province, Since that the trade and net income of the metropolis Consisteth of all states. ( III.iii. 26-31 ) Venetian jurisprudence is the structuring component of Venetian society, and must be obeyed. The class of jurisprudence, nevertheless, instead than continuing a moral or ethical codification, is intended to keep trade and net income of the city. Thus, the regulation of jurisprudence is dependent upon the economic good. Janet Adelman writes of Antonio’s address that it implies a political economic system in which provinces exist to see trade conditions among nations conceived as political and economic units. [ 9 ] Antonio lives in a society wholly dominated by economic sciences and trade good, and his entreaty to the Duke to continue the justice of the state is a supplication made of opportunism. The characters of the drama all battle to accommodate the demands of secular behavior of jurisprudence with a spiritual morality. As made clear throughout the struggle of the bond, spiritual philosophy is non interchangeable with legal justness. Antonio warns Bassanio that The Satan can mention Bible for his intent, / An evil psyche bring forthing holy witness / Is like a scoundrel with a smiling cheek, proposing that Biblical Bible can be manipulated by work forces to warrant their ain purposes ( I.iii. 93-5 ) . This statement is clearly directed towards Shylock, who uses a actual reading of the jurisprudence to support his claims and further his ain terminals. However it is the stiff stringency of the regulation of jurisprudence which is his ultimately undoing. He tries to utilize the jurisprudence to accomplish a personal blood feud against Antonio, and because he seeks the usage the jurisprudence to accomplish unfair terminals he is foiled by Portia, who uses the jurisprudence t o accomplish a merciful judgement. Shakespeare’s Venice is a metropolis of aliens, brought together through common involvement in commercialism and net income and governed by the regulation of jurisprudence. The rigorous attachment to the official and public jurisprudence is overriding to keeping societal order because the jurisprudence protects the trade and net income which drive the city’s economic system. Shylock argues every bit much as he tells the Duke that the rejection of the bond will sabotage the legal authorization of Venice and the metropolis on a whole will endure as a effect. [ 10 ] Shylock says that, without support, the jurisprudence becomes uneffective and can non back up a society built upon commercialism and trade. However it is non merely Shylock who upholds the jurisprudence as the underpinning of societal order: Bassanio, Portia, and Antonio besides show a rigorous attachment to the jurisprudence despite the unsought branchings. I have already gestured towards the manner in which spiritual philosophy and established regulation of jurisprudence overlapped in Renaissance Venice ; because of this, the construct of Godhead clemency besides intersects with official opinion. Much unfavorable judgment has been devoted to Shakespeare’s determination to projectThe Merchant of Veniceas a legal struggle between Jew and Christian, but irrespective of deductions of antisemitism, Shakespeare points towards a larger struggle between Old and New Testament regulations of jurisprudence which influenced Renaissance legal philosophy. In the 4th act Portia, disguised as a immature adult male, appears in the Duke’s Chamberss to supply legal concluding important to the ensuing judgement. The courtroom scene confirms the domination of regulation of jurisprudence as Shylock follows the established protocol. Of a unusual nature is the suit you follow he tells the cloaked Portia, Yet in such regulation, that the Venetian jurisprudence / Can non impugn you as you do proceed ( IV.i. 173-5 ) . Shylock continues to utilize the missive of the jurisprudence in the face of Portia’s humanistic edict of Then must the Jew be merciful ( IV.i. 178 ) . The verbal exchange between Portia and Shylock reveal two different theoretical accounts of justness: Portia extends justness to include godly clemencies, while Shylock positions justness as a judgement determined by the written jurisprudence. Portia’s address on clemency delivered betrays the divide of Old and New Torahs harmonizing to differing theological systems. Sparing Shylock’s life through a Venetian jurisprudence which divides his goods, one half to the province, the other to the aggrieved party, Portia paradoxically cites Old Testament Bible to back up her construct of merciful judgement. The quality of clemency is non strain’d, she begins, It droppeth as the soft rain from Eden Upon the topographic point beneath: it is twice blest, It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes, Tis mightiest in the mightiest, it becomes The throned sovereign better than his Crown. ( IV.i. 180-85 ) . Portia argues that we can non depend upon justness entirely ; that clemency is a god-like property and hence desirable. However, she besides uses the literalism of the regulation of jurisprudence to back up her statement and present judgement on Shylock. She urges Shylock to reconsider his suit, as the tribunal must follow Venetian jurisprudence, which has no topographic point in it for clemency. Portia’s address echoes the transition on clemency in Ecclesiasticus: And the Lord will non be slacke, nor the Almightie will non tarie long from the, boulder clay he hath smitten in sunder the loynes of the unmercifull, and advenged him ego of the pagan, til he have taken off t he battalion of the cruel, and interrupt the scepter of the unrighteous, til he give every adult male after his workes, and rewarde them after their devises, til he have judged the cause of his people, and comforted them with his mercie. Oh, how faire a thing is mercie in the clip of anguish and problem? It is like a cloude of raine, that commeth in the clip of a drouth [ 11 ] Comparing Venetian jurisprudence with the rigorous opinion usually associated with Old Testament jurisprudence, Portia therefore inverts the expected equation of Old Law with rigorous judgement, and the New Testament with religious clemency. [ 12 ] She is able to deduce justness from the missive of the jurisprudence, proposing that justness and clemency are non incompatible, but instead elaborately related. Portia’s address on clemency interruptions down the binary resistance between Old and New Testament biblical philosophy, proposing that the focal point of the drama is on justness instead than spiritual tenet. It is this relationship between justness and clemency which is the foundation of the drama and at the Southern Cross of the legal statement in the courtroom. Portia continues to trust upon godly jurisprudence to supply merciful judgement, Therefore Jew, Though justness be thy supplication, see this, That in the class of justness, none of us Should see redemption: we do pray for clemency, And that same supplication, doth teach us all to render The workss of clemency. I have spoke therefore much To extenuate the justness of thy supplication, Which if 1000 follow, this rigorous tribunal of Venice Must demands give sentence gainst the merchandiser at that place. ( IV.i.193-201 ) Mentioning explicitly to the Lord’s supplication, Portia proposes a rapprochement of justness and clemency. This thought is cardinal to modern-day spiritual arguments, and the struggle between the external irresistible impulse of jurisprudence, on the one manus, and the internal motion toward freedom from restraint, on the other is a uninterrupted one. [ 13 ] She emphasises the catholicity of the state of affairs ; if right action is non taken, no 1 will be the moral master. Ultimately Portia uses the jurisprudence to her advantage to obtain the merciful’ judgement for which she argues. The stiff authorization of the jurisprudence can non be denied, as there is no power in Venice / Can change a decree established ( IV.i. 214-5 ) . However the old and apparently inflexible jurisprudence is seen as uncomplete, incompatible with the elaboratenesss of single state of affairss. Portia’s statement is non an statement that the jurisprudence fails to present clemency, but instead reveals the true nature of jurisprudence capable of presenting both justness and clemency. The concluding judgement of the Duke reverberations Portia’s impression of merciful justness, but besides acts harmonizing to Aristotelian moralss based on equity: I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it: For half thy wealth, it is Antonio’s, The other half comes to the general province, Which unimportance may drive unto a mulct. ( IV.i. 365-8 ) Shylock has contrived to take Antonio’s life, and in an Old Testament regulation of jurisprudence the expected penalty would be in sort. However the Duke restores equality by plunging Shylock’s estates between himself and Antonio. Aristotle defines justice’ against the root beginning of the word significance in half’ , and therefore classical impressions of justness were grounded in the rule of equity instead than retaliation. [ 14 ] Thus Shylock’s Old Testament impression of justness as retaliation is revealed to be untenable in the judicial universe of Venice. The Merchant of Venicehas frequently been appropriated by modern bookmans in the statement for built-in human rights and equality. Within Shylock’s oft-quoted address reasoning for compassion, Shakespeare imbues the result of the courtroom’s judgement with the argument over a common humanity. I am a Jew. Hath non a Jew eyes? Hath non a Jew custodies, variety meats, dimensions, senses, fondnesss, passions? Fed with the same nutrient, injury with the same arms, capable to the same diseases, heal d by the same means, warm d and cool d by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we non shed blood? If you tickle us, do we non laugh? If you poison us, do we non decease? ( III.i. 52-60 ) However, the drama reveals a far more complex system of citizen rights and equity than the narrative of a wronged foreigner. Venice, as a booming economic Centre at the hamlets of Europe, depended upon the protection of private involvements of all dwellers, including strangers’ such as Shylock. In the presentation of Shylock and his eventual deserts, the accent lies non on Shylock’s position as foreigner, but the fact that he struck an immoral deal with a Christian merchandiser, and so efforts to pull out retaliation through the deal. The justness which is delivered by the Duke, harmonizing to the missive of the jurisprudence, bestows equity upon all characters. The logical thinking behind both Shylock’s hatred of Antonio, and the penalty which strips Shylock of his estate, are non racially motivated. All characters are uniformly motivated by the desire to protect trade and net income at all costs. Shylock continues his statement for common humanity: If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humbleness? Retaliation! If a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian illustration? – why retaliation? The villainousness you teach me I will put to death, and it shall travel difficult but I will break the direction. ( III.i. 62-66 ) Shylock forcefully argues that he learned the necessity of retaliation from his Christian neighbors, but this is clearly non supported through the actions of the characters in the drama. Portia demonstrates the Christian values of clemency and equity in the face of an oculus for an eye’ Old Testament justness of Shylock. The Venetian tribunal is a site of legal authorization, and one where merchandisers may anticipate judgements independent of their nationality. Indeed one of the emergent subjects of the drama is the necessity of the regulation of jurisprudence to regulate the gradual slide towards the devotions of the market place, which Shylock, in his mercenary greed, represents. Portia finally is given the finding of fact for which she argues, and the finding of fact which provides audience satisfaction with the due penalty of the scoundrel of the drama, Shylock the Jew. Wealth, felicity and freedom are all at interest in the legal conflict over the result of the difference over the bond, but even more important is the inquiry of just justness which is continuously raised throughout the drama. Nevill Coghill argues thatThe Merchant of Veniceis, at its bosom, an fable of Justice and Mercy, of the Old Law and the New. [ 15 ] This position focuses on the struggle between Jew and Christian as an central struggle between justness and clemency. Ultimately, nevertheless, it is non a struggle of regulations of jurisprudence but instead the harmonious combination of them which consequences in a merciful judgement which bestows equity. The regulation of jurisprudence in Venice is revealed to be both merciful and merely, functioning to protect the involvements of its c itizens by confering equity. Plants Cited Adelman, Janet, Her Father s Blood: Race, Conversion, and Nation inThe Merchant of Venice Representations 81, Winter 2003, pp. 4-30. Aristotle,Nicomachean Ethical motives, trans. by Christopher Rowe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Coghill, Nevill, The Governing IdeaShakespeare Quarterly, 1, London, 1948, pp. 9-17. Danson, Lawrence,The Harmonies of The Merchant of Venice, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1978. Nickel, John, Shylock in Washington: the Clinton crisis,The Merchant of Venice,and enjoyment of the law ,Textual Practice, 15:2, pp. 317-335. Shakespeare, William.The Merchant of Venice, erectile dysfunction. John Russell Brown for The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare, London and Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. Stritmatter, Roger, Old’ and new’ jurisprudence inThe Merchant of Venice, Notes and Questions, 47:1, March 2000, pp. 70-72. Wheater, Isabella, Aristotelian Wealth and the Sea of Love: Shakespeare’s Synthesis of Greek Philosophy and Roman Poetry inThe Merchant of Venice in The Review of English Studies, New Series, 43:172, November 1992, pp. 467-487. 1

How to Find Trustworthy Sources

How to Find Trustworthy Sources Whether youre conducting research for a book report, an essay, or a news article, finding trustworthy sources of information is essential. This is crucial for a few reasons. First, you want to be sure that the information youre using is based on fact and not on opinion. Second, your readers are placing their trust in your ability to gauge a sources reliability. And third, by using legitimate sources, youre protecting your reputation as a writer. An Exercise in Trust It can be helpful to put the topic of trustworthy sources into perspective with an exercise. Imagine that you are walking down a neighborhood street and you come upon a disturbing scene. A man is lying on the ground with a leg wound and several paramedics and police officers are buzzing around him. A small spectator crowd has gathered, so you approach one of the bystanders to ask what happened. This guy was jogging down the street and a big dog came running out and attacked him, the man says. You take a few steps and approach a woman. You ask her what happened. This man was trying to rob that house and a dog bit him, she replies. Two different people have given different accounts of an event. To get closer to the truth, youll have to find out if either person is connected to the event in any way. You soon discover that the man is a friend of the bite victim. You also realize that the woman is the dogs owner. Now, what do you believe? Its probably time to find a third source of information and one who is not a stakeholder in this scene. Bias Factors In the scene described above, both witnesses have a big stake in the outcome of this event. If the police determine that an innocent jogger was attacked by a dog, the dogs owner is subject to fines and further legal trouble. If the police determine that the apparent jogger was actually involved in an illegal activity at the time he was bitten, the wounded man faces a penalty and the woman is off the hook. If you were a news reporter, you would have to determine whom to trust by digging deeper and making an assessment of each source. You would have to collect details and determine if your witnesses statements are trustworthy or not. Bias can stem from many causes: Stakeholders ambitionsPreconceived beliefsPolitical designsPrejudiceSloppy research Every eyewitness account of an event involves points of view and opinion to some degree. It is your job to assess each persons trustworthiness by scrutinizing their statements for potential bias.   What To Look For It is nearly impossible after an event has occurred to determine the exactness of every detail. The following tips will help you determine the trustworthiness of your sources: Every writer, lecturer, reporter, and teacher has an opinion. The most reliable sources are straightforward about how and why they are presenting their information to the public.An Internet article that provides news but does not provide a list of sources is not very trustworthy. An article that lists its sources, either in the text or in a bibliography, and places those sources into context is more reliable.An article that is published by a reputable media organization or reputable institution (such as a university or research organization) is also trustworthy.Books are generally considered more trustworthy because the author and publisher are clearly stated and they are held responsible. When a book publisher publishes a book, that publisher takes responsibility for its truthfulness.News organizations are generally for-profit businesses (there are exceptions, such as National Public Radio, which is a non-profit organization). If you use these as sources, you must consider their man y stakeholders and political slants. Fiction is made up, so fiction is not a good source of information. Even movies based on real events are fiction.Memoirs and autobiographies are nonfiction, but they contain a single persons point of view and opinions. If you use an autobiography as a source, you must acknowledge that the information is one-sided.A nonfiction book that provides a bibliography of sources is more trustworthy than a book that does not.An article that is published in a scholarly journal is usually scrutinized for accuracy by a team of editors and fact-checkers. University presses are particularly good sources for nonfiction and scholarly works.Some sources are peer-reviewed. These books and articles go before a panel of non-stakeholding professionals for review and assessment. This body of professionals acts as a small jury to determine truthfulness. Peer-reviewed articles are very trustworthy. Research is a quest for truth. Your job as a researcher is to use the most trustworthy sources to find the most accurate information. Your job also involves using a variety of sources, to reduce the chances that you are relying on tainted, opinion-filled evidence.

The impact that the 2012 Olympic Games could have on Bedford City Assignment

The impact that the 2012 Olympic Games could have on Bedford City Council and what the Council will need to do in preparation for the Games - Assignment Example Hosting the Olympic Games is considered as a great opportunity for cities worldwide. Usually, the specific event results to significant benefits for the city involved – referring to the city that hosts the Games. However, Olympic Games have been also related to certain drawbacks – for instance the Vancouver Winter Olympic Games which were characterized by the damages caused by riots or the Atlanta Olympic Games during which the explosion of a bomb caused the death of 2 people and the injuring of hundreds, as analysed below. For London, the 2012 Olympic Games are considered as a major challenge. The city has to face the significant social turbulences as reflected in the damages caused by riots across Britain the last 5 days. Moreover, the City has to resolve the following problem: will the benefits of the Games be above their drawbacks/ disadvantages? Moreover, will these benefits disadvantages be equally distributed among the regions surrounding London – where ce rtain of these Games’ events will take place? Current paper focuses on the impact of 2012 Olympic Games on Bedford City Council; the benefits and the disadvantages of the Games for the specific area are estimated – using relevant literature and findings from primary research (statistics and figures related to past Olympic Games). Also, another issue is explored: which would be the preparation that Bedford City Council would have to do for hosting the Olympic Games? ... Moreover, the City has to resolve the following problem: will the benefits of the Games be above their drawbacks/ disadvantages? Moreover, will these benefits disadvantages be equally distributed among the regions surrounding London – where certain of these Games’ events will take place? Current paper focuses on the impact of 2012 Olympic Games on Bedford City Council; the benefits and the disadvantages of the Games for the specific area are estimated – using relevant literature and findings from primary research (statistics and figures related to past Olympic Games). Also, another issue is explored: which would be the preparation that Bedford City Council would have to do for hosting the Olympic Games? Emphasis is given on the following three sectors, as they are influenced by the Olympic Games: business environment, human resources and marketing. The practices used in cities that hosted the Olympic Games in the past are used as the basis for developing a framew ork of activities/ plans which would be appropriate for Bedford City Council so that the above city to be appropriately prepared for the particular event. The literature published in the particular field has been combined with the statistics released in regard to past Olympic Games but also in regard to London as a host city for the 2012 Olympic Games. It is revealed that Bedford City Council is partially prepared for participating in the Olympic Games 2012 – as a city hosting one or more activities of the specific event. 2. Background Olympic Games have been traditionally considered as a major cultural event, leading to the improvement of relationships among nations. Because of this fact, the Games

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8

Case Study Example Thus, the manager could fine tune to increase the morale of such employees. In other situations, employees could be far below the set target for the organization but manager’s fine tunes their performance to keep them motivated. In other situations, employee’s performance might be fine-tuned downwards. Some of such instances include situations where an employee is never taking the work seriously or in other situations where managers are in need of laying down the employee once a replacement emerges. However, tom, the youngest of the four managers still insist on the accuracy of performance review. He indicates that it would be better if a manager gives the employees the accurate performance appraisals and then improve from there. The perspectives given by the managers were all quite interesting. I agree that performance appraisal is an important aspect of an organization. In addition, I agree that fine tuning is also important in an organization. This is considering that there are moments when an employee may be in their down moments that it might reflect on their work. In addition, an employee could have a bad performance at the beginning of the year but start to mark progress. Moreover, there are situations where fine tuning is important to get rid of a nagging employee or in need of firing an employee once another candidate emerges. The reason is that positive performance appraisal could be problematic when a manager fires an employee. However, I maintain that fine tuning is just distortion given a much better term. Giving an employee a better performance than they deserve is wrong. The reason is that some employees could take it as a habit since they are aware that their managers will give them a positiv e appraisal. Thus, accuracy is the most important aspect. In my opinion, fine tuning is distortion. However, may be some acceptable points of fine tuning as a far as it

The Relation between Dostoevsky and the Characters of The Brothers Kara

The Relation between Dostoevsky and the Characters of  The Brothers Karamazov "I'd die happy if I could finish this final novel, for I would have expressed myself completely."   This statement from the author of "The Brothers Karamazov" helps elucidate the underlying purpose and theme of one of the greatest masterpieces of world literature. Superficially, the novel deals with a horrifying parricide and how the supporting characters devised direct and indirect circumstances leading to the murder. Yet, the book delves deep into the human psyche and the soul--notably that of the author himself. The novel, as inferred from the aforementioned personal statement, may best be described as an autobiography of Dostoevsky filled with his beliefs, values, theories, and insights on a bestial world. Through the main characters-Ivan, Alyosha, Dmitri, Father Zosima, and Smerdyakov--one can perceive the different sides of Dostoevsky himself, good and evil. Not only does one see his characteristics through the protagonists and antagonists of the novel, but also his beliefs concerning life, religion, and love. Among his personal beliefs integrated with his fictitious characters include: faith in love over faith in miracles, the importance of suffering as a means of salvation, and the importance of the Russian "folk" and children in the coming 20th century. But despite Dostoevsky's overbearing presence in his masterpiece, one variable inevitably affects all of his characters as well as the entire living world--death. Thus, through the novel, he introduces us into his tormented mind and sou l, hoping to influence future generations in his beliefs of a better mankind, unafraid of the spectre of death that will crush the cowardly but unharm the s... ... see the soul of a man who carried vengeance in his heart, yet maintained a love for mankind characteristic of the biblical Job, whose suffering only brought more sympathy and blessings in the eyes of God. On an ironic note, Dostoevsky presented Alyosha Karamazov as a young man who would instill the love and spirituality to the innocent children needed to turn the backward country of Russia into a global power. These children did indeed change Russia 30 years later, not as spiritual lovers but as violent rebels in a communist revolution. They sought to free the peasants and laborers by theory, but in reality created a totalitarian state more powerful than even Peter the Great could have imagined. Now, the once powerful Russia lies wasted amidst the same poverty it dwelled in one hundred years earlier. Truly an ironic twist to the beliefs of a prophetic man.   

Mentoring

What Is the Research Topic you are responsible for? The Importance of mentoring to develop fresh graduates In work place. What are the Findings from your Research on this topic? In today's rapidly advancing society, there are many fresh graduates from top colleges and universities with good grades who are still unable to meet their work targets or cope with the pace of work. Before when they enter or just started their first career, they have to face a lot of unknown circumstances and requirements.Therefore, a mentoring program is so much needed to them. Mentoring is the act to build up a relationship between two people; â€Å"mentor† and â€Å"mantle†. Mentor will be providing guidance and shared their knowledge and experiences to develop a realistic expectation of the work. The following is some advantages which important:- 1 . Help to analysis- Mentor can help mantle assess career strengths and weaknesses and also determine future goals. 2. Help to familiarize ? abou t the Important individuals within the field, including sources for new ideas regarding content. 3.Help New Entry smoothly into the new company – become more knowledgeable, understanding and entering into the prevailing culture. 4. Help to provide a safety net – social support In a potentially stressful situation. 5. Help to enhances performance level – giving advice or guides to accelerates learning to support their development. 6. Help to promote development effectively – help to guide the direction and provide feedback, providing technical and professional knowledge and skill to promote development effectively. And also giving proper guidance can avoid the mistakes which will affect performance.In addition to the above, mentoring programs in organizations can be helpful in Improving performance and also achieve higher productivity so may lead to higher lob satisfaction. Thus, mentoring during Induction period can offer support in :- 1 . Help to underst and about the working practices and discuss or guiding about the issues which relating to the role. 2. Conducive to the rapid absorption of cultural and social norms organizations also learn about which they need to know to succeed In lob role. 3. Help or navigate their way when came to a new specific job or particular area of responsibility. . Sharing business information and work skills, accelerate the recesses for the identifying, developing and retaining talent to increase the Job satisfaction. Are there other opinions on this topic? The negative experiences, however, are most often to seen in organization which without a formal mentoring process, example Like not tied to business goal, without tracking system for mentoring relationship and without structure support. Some of those negative is occurs between mentor and mantle, such like mentor which 1 OFF due to a lack of knowledge and interest on the role which as a mentor.What is your conclusion on actions to achieve improvemen ts? Even with the possibility of negative situation than can occur, the strong advantages of mentoring program is a powerful tool to help fresh graduates in their career by increasing productivity, gain a broader perspective, knowledge and insight into the work practices and also develop a realistic expectation of the work. Reference List Kale, L. (2011). Making a Mentoring Relationship Work: What is Required for Organizational Success. Applied Business and Economics, 12, 49-50. Susan, M. (2011). Use Mentoring to Develop Employees [website].

Should The Legal Drinking Age - 2485 Words

Every country has their own set of laws to protect society of danger. Some people may agree with the laws, and others will violate them. While many have argued that the U.S should lower its legal drinking age, like other European countries, I believe that young adolescents are not cognitively capable of making good choices. A lower drinking age will result in more deaths. Teenagers are already having problems with alcohol. Among many perspectives, teenager’s view of drinking at a young age is really important. Parents play a big role in understanding their teenagers. Their opinion will be a key element into the risky actions done by young teenagers. Not only parents have their thoughts in this issue, but Psychologist have a reasonable explanation of the young adolescent brain. Many functions of the human brain is taken inconsideration regarding teenage behavior. In particular to the U.S laws, the legal drinking age among most states is the age of 21. No one under the age of 21 is allowed to possess or drink any alcoholic beverages. If these laws are violated by underage teens, they will be punished. The consequences for teenagers in possession or drinking any alcohol beverages may result in a $200 to $1000 fine. People who are over the age of 18 but less than 21 may be held in jail for a couple months, plus a fine for the intake of alcohol.^ However, many argue that in other countries, the legal drinking age is lower than 21. In Australia, the law for Alcohol consumptionShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Legal Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"people†. The legal drinking age presently is twenty-one in the United States Of America. I can guarantee you that the underage drinking age rate would drop if the age were brought down. One of the reasons behind drinking is enjoyment but the primary purpose behind underage drinking is â€Å"breaking the law†. The law says an eighteen – year old is mature enough to make his/he r life decisions, yet not ready to drink liquor. In the United States there are different rules for various ages, however whenRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Legal974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Drinking Age For many reasons, the drinking age has been set at twenty-one years old, but has the time come to lower the drinking age? Many argue that the drinking age needs to be lowered back to eighteen for many reasons; however, studies and statistics show that lowering the drinking age is harmful and even deadly. Some people believe that binge drinking can be solved by lowering the drinking age, but lowering the drinking age is not the solution to binge drinking. Many teenagers spend theirRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Legal1956 Words   |  8 PagesDrugs, on the other hand, were legal all the way up until 1914, where the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act took place. The Harrison Act basically put a tax on drugs and made it only so that people with sincere medical issues could use certain drugs, eventually banning all non-medical drug use. In 2014, studies have shown that 83.4% of adults age 18-25 have consumed alcohol and about 57.9% have consumed illegal drugs in their entire lifeti me. Considering that the legal drinking age is currently 21 and that drugsRead MoreThe Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age1517 Words   |  7 Pagesrequiring you to be over the age of 21 to consume alcoholic beverages. This law has proved itself by saving many lives and overall just having a positive outcome in the community. People say that no matter what the age limit is kids will still drink? I completely disagree, believe it or not there’s endless ways in which it can be prevented while the drinking age remains 21. Parents make a big difference and can prevent this from happening and I have to agree 100% that the drinking age has saved hundreds ofRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1553 Words   |  7 Pagesold male who lives in Oregon. To celebrate his 18th birthday, he decided to go out with some friends and have a few drinks. He knows that the legal drinking age is 21, but he thinks what is the harm? I am 18 and in other countries, you are allowed t o drink before you turn 21. Later that night as John gets in the car with his friends after a few hours of drinking, everything seems to be going well as they are driving down the freeway on their way over to his friend Dan’s house that is just a few milesRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered955 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States of America, the National Government requires the states to enforce a legal drinking age of twenty-one. Where as the world average drinking age is eighteen, and in some Countries it is even lower where it is possible to get a beer at sixteen years of age. Taking that into consideration, there is a great deal of controversy in the United States on what the legal age should be to purchase and consume an alcoholic beverage. The largest issue being that you are considered to be anRead MoreThe Smoking Age Should Be Legal Drinking Age2456 Words   |  10 PagesRight to Serve, Not of Age to Drink Before the year 1984 if a person was 18-years-old in the United States, they were once allowed in certain areas to be able to drink. However, after 1984 the Federal Government passed a law that made the whole nation raise the legal drinking age to 21 (Daniloff). From then on there have been two sides arguing this law. One side says that if a person is allowed to vote at the age of 18 they should be allowed to vote. That same side also says that if a person isRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered973 Words   |  4 Pages The Legal Age for Drinking Alcohol Should Not Be Lowered To 18 In the United States. Every state has the right to set its own legal drinking age. However, according to George Will in an article he wrote in the Washington Post about the legal drinking age, â€Å"drinking age paradox† â€Å"lowering the drinking age will cost the state ten percent of its federal highway funds and cause a significant uproar from contractors and construction unions.† It is therefore in the best interest of every citizenRead MoreLegal Drinking Age : Should It Be Altered?1408 Words   |  6 Pages Legal Drinking Age: Should It Be Altered? The legal drinking age has been an ongoing controversy for decades, consisting of people who are for lowering, raising, or keeping the age with multiple reasons behind each side. It is commonly known that consuming alcohol can have life-threatening effects on the human body, but these effects can be much harsher at a younger age. Reducing the age for eighteen year olds may result in senseless acts from the drug. Statistics prove that maintainingRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1170 Words   |  5 PagesFor a majority of the 20th century, the United States drinking age has been a big issue. After prohibition had concluded in 1933, twenty- one was the new legal drinking age. Meanwhile, during the Vietnam War, eighteen became the new legal drinking age. Finally in 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (MLDA). Since then, twenty-one years old has been the legal age to drink in the United States. There are several ways alcohol has been a reason for death such as, alcohol poisoning